Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway

Oseberg is the name of a Viking ship burial, located near present-day Tà ¸nsberg, Norway, about 60 miles (95 kilometers) south of Oslo, on the banks of the Oslo Fjord in Vestfold county. Oseberg is one of several ship burials in the region, but it is the richest and best preserved of such elite graves. Key Takeaways: Oseberg Ship Burial Oseberg is a Viking boat grave, the interment of two elite women inside a working ship. Created in 834 CE in eastern Norway south of Oslo, the ship and its contents were  remarkably well-preserved.  The ship was likely a royal barge built in 820 CE in western Norway.Completely excavated in 1904, archaeological research has been focused on the analysis and conservation of the recovered artifacts.   Viking Ship Description The Oseberg ship was a karvi, a clinker-constructed ship built almost entirely of oak, and measuring 70.5 feet (21.4 meters) long, 17 ft (5.1 m) wide, and 4.9 ft (1.58 m) deep, from the railing to keel. The hull was constructed of 12 board planks stacked horizontally on either side; the port and starboard upper board planks have 15 oar holes, meaning the ship would have been propelled by a total of 30 oars—the oars were included in the burial. Oseberg was an elaborately decorated ship, with several ornate carvings covering its hull, and it was decidedly not built for strength as a warship might have been. Analysis of the wooden parts of the ship suggested to archaeologists that the ship was originally a royal barge, built in Western Norway about 820 CE and used for short voyages along the coastlines. It wasnt terribly seaworthy, but it was overhauled immediately before the burial. The oars and yardarm were new and not the right size for the ship, and the anchor was too small. Tools found aboard the ship included two small axes, kitchen equipment including a quern for grinding grain located near a butchered ox. The handles on both were well-preserved, with a characteristic herringbone pattern known as spretteteljing in evidence. A small wooden chest was also identified: although it was empty, it is assumed to have been a tool chest. Animals represented in the faunal assemblage included two oxen, four dogs, and 13 horses; there were also sledges, wagons, and a vertical loom. Burial Chamber Gabriel Gustafson excavation: News photo of the Oseberg Viking Ship Burial, 1904. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In the middle of the barge was a timber-built box with a tent-like cover of roughly hewn oak planks and posts. The chamber had been plundered in the 10th century CE—apparently part of ritual disturbances of many mounds during the reign of Harald Bluetooth (911–986 CE), who had ordered the destruction of mounds as part of his Christianization of the Scandinavian people. Despite Harolds efforts, the chamber still included the fragmented skeletal remains of two women, one aged in her 80s and the other in her early fifties. When it was excavated in 1904, the interior of the chamber still contained the remains of several textiles. Some of the textiles may have been bedding, or wall hangings, or both. There were the remains of the womens clothing discovered as well: over 150 fragments of silk were found woven into the garments of the women. Twelve of the fragments were silk embroidery, the earliest found to date in Scandinavia. Some of the silk had been treated with madder and kermes dyes. Some historians (such as Anne-Stine Ingstad, associated with the discovery of Leif Ericssons Lanse aux Meadows camp in Canada) have suggested the elderly woman was Queen Asa, mentioned in the Viking poem Ynglingatal; the younger woman is sometimes referred to as a hofgyà °ja or priestess. The name of Oseberg—the burial is named after the nearby town—might be interpreted as Asas berg; and the word berg is related to the Old High German/Old Anglo-Saxon terms for hill or grave mound. No archaeological evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. Dating the Oseberg Ship Detail of the Oseberg Cart from the Oseberg ship burial, 9th century. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Dendrochronological analysis of the grave chamber timbers gave a precise date of the construction as 834 CE. Radiocarbon dating of the skeletons returned a date of 1220–1230 BP, consistent with the tree ring dates. DNA could only be retrieved from the younger woman, and it suggests she may have originated from the Black Sea region. Stable isotope analysis suggests the two had a primarily terrestrial diet, with relatively small amounts of fish compared to typical Viking fare. Excavation Prior to excavation, the large mound built over the top by the Vikings had been known as Revehaugen or Fox Hill: after the nearby Gokstad ship was discovered in 1880, Fox Hill was presumed to also hold a ship, and clandestine attempts to uncover parts of the mound began. Much of the soil was removed and used for fill before 1902 when the first official survey of what was left of the mound was conducted. Oseberg was excavated by Swedish archaeologist Gabriel Gustafson (1853–1915) in 1904 and eventually written up by A.W. Brogger and Haakon Shetelig. The remarkable preservation of the contents was the result of the weight of the huge mound built above it, which pressed the ship and its contents down below the water table. The ship has been restored and it and its contents have been on display at the Viking Ship House at the University of Oslo since 1926. But over the last 20 years, scholars have noted that the wooden artifacts have become increasingly brittle. Conservation When Oseberg was discovered over a hundred years ago, scholars used typical preservation techniques of the day: all the wooden artifacts were treated to various mixtures of linseed oil, creosote, and/or potassium aluminum sulfate (alum), then coated in lacquer. At the time, the alum acted as a stabilizer, crystallizing the woods structure: but infrared analysis has shown that the alum has caused the complete breakdown of the cellulose, and the modification of lignin. Some of the objects are only held together by the thin layer of lacquer. The Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres have been addressing the issue, and conservationists at the National Museum of Denmark have been working on developing a comprehensive approach to the preservation of waterlogged wooden objects. Although the answers are as yet unclear, some potential exists for the creation of an artificial wood to replace that lost. Selected Sources Bill, Jan. Ambiguous Mobility in the Viking Age Ship Burial from Oseberg. Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience. Eds. Bjerregaard, Peter, Anders Emil Rasmussen and Tim Flohr Sà ¸rensen. Vol. 3. Studies in Death, Materiality and the Origin of Time. New York: Routledge, 2016. 207–253. Print.---. Protecting against the Dead? On the Possible Use of Apotropaic Magic in the Oseberg Burial. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 26.1 (2016): 141–55. Print.Bill, Jan, and Aoife Daly. The Plundering of the Ship Graves from Oseberg and Gokstad: An Example of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Draganits, E., et al. The Late Nordic Iron Age and Viking Age Royal Burial Site of Borre in Norway: ALS- and GPR-Based Landscape Reconstruction and Harbour Location at an Uplifting Coastal Area. Quaternary International 367 (2015): 96–110. Print.McQueen, Caitlin M. A., et al. New Insights into the Degradation Processes and Influence of the Conservation Treatment in Alum-Treated Wood from the Oseberg Collection. Microchemical Journal 132 (2017): 119–29. Print.Nordeide, Sà ¦bjà ¸rg Walaker. Death in Abundance Quickly! The Duration of the Oseberg Burial. Acta Archaeologica 82.1 (2011): 7–11. Print.Vederler, Marianne. Silk for the Vikings. Ancient Textiles Series 15. Oxford: Oxford Books, 2014.

Evaluation Of A Successful Student - 956 Words

Bosque 2 How to Become a Successful Student When you look back at yourself in high school, were you a student that always did well or were you the total opposite perhaps a procrastinator who always slacked off? Some students that begin their first semester of college find themselves struggling to keep up because of their old inadequate study habits and lackadaisical mentality. There may have been a time where you completed a project hastily the night before it was due or chose to go out and see a movie rather than staying in. Students make a choice everyday whether to prioritize their school work more or less. Despite this concept being the case, it doesn’t mean that you can’t become a successful student. By taking the right approach any individual can still become a successful student; preparation, self discipline, and proper time management are key factors. Preparation is crucial when you’re a student. Learning to prepare the night before will save you a lot of time in the morning especially if you’re running late. The first step is to put away your necessary supplies inside your bag so you don’t end up forgetting to grab them the next day. This includes a writing instrument, notebooks, loose leaf paper, a folder, and textbooks. Students should always carry a pencil and paper because without them you wouldn’t be able to take notes or jot down important dates in your notebook. Secondly, make sure to bring all required text books so that way you can followShow MoreRelatedTeaching And Learning Process Faculty1191 Words   |  5 Pagesdelivery and evaluation methods within a learner-centered syllabus. Course Delivery Method/Teaching Methods Delivery of course material will be based upon a multi-modal approach. 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Physical Therapy College free essay sample

When considering the factors that can get in the way of a therapeutic relationship, communication is the main point of working in the health care field. It is important to be sensitive not only to the physical limitations of patients but to their emotional limitations as well. I am motivated to become a physical therapist because I want to enhance physical health, fitness and quality of life to adults and children. A good physical therapist is just as important as a good doctor. I know how devastating injuries can be to a person physically and mentally. In accident victims and individuals with disabling conditions, I understand how important it is to help people restore, maintain, and promote overall fitness and health. Therapists can change peoples lives by lifting their spirits and helping them get their quality of life back, and I would like to be a part of that. I have spent my life around active people. We will write a custom essay sample on Physical Therapy College or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I have participated in athletics since I was very young and have played contact sports. I have excelled in baseball, and its the primary reason that I am choosing this specialty. Physical therapy can help the not so active people also. My mother has a neurological degenerative disease that causes her muscles to stiffen up, so it is very important for her to keep up with her range of motion, so that everyday tasks are easier on her. My aunt is another person in my life who has benefited from physical therapy in a dramatic way; she suffered a stroke about a year ago. She was confined to a wheel chair, and with the help of continual physical therapy, the use of her chair has been limited. My cousin works as head of the PT department at Staten Island University Hospital, and speaking with her, I have learned how demanding, and rewarding PT can be. I would like to work in the physical therapy industry as a sports trainer. I like the idea of being around sports while dealing with medicine and sport injuries. My goal would be to work with high school athletes anywhere up to professional athletes. My priority would be to make sure all my patients are successful and happy on their road to recovery. I know that I have the qualities that will make me successful to excel in PT.

Rules Of Relationships In Of Mice And Men And The Breakfast Club Essay

Rules of Relationships in Of Mice and Men and The Breakfast Club Rules of Relationship Kyle and I decided to research relationships as they are portrayed in movies for our presentation. Between us, we watched "The Breakfast Club", "Dead Poets Society", "Fried Green Tomatoes" and "Of Mice and Men." Today I'm going to discuss how rules of relationships were used in "The Breakfast Club" and "Of Mice and Men". I will list the rules portrayed in these movies and provide you with insight on the happenings of each movie. I think that "The Breakfast Club" and "Of Mice and Men" did an excellent job of demonstrating the rules of relationships. "Of Mice and Men" is a classic story with a timeless message. It's very good movie and novel. This movie is great drama for anyone from thirteen to ninety-nine years of age. In "Of Mice and Men", there are two rugged men, Lenny and George, who are good friends. Lenny, played by John Malkovich, is a soft spoken, big, and gentle character, who is unfortunately mentally disabled. Because of Lenny's problem keeping a job, the brothers are forced to move frequently. Lenny likes to touch things that appear to be soft or comforting to touch: hair for example. Lenny loves animals. George, played Gary Sinise, tries his hardest to be a good friend. He seems to be trapped by the fact of having a life that is full of unhappy things. George is about 35-40 years old. He is hard working, trustworthy, patience, caring, and a very responsible man. Throughout the movie, George seems to have gotten the short end of the stick. At the same time, I feel that George's meeting Lenny also had a positive i mpact on George. George learned a great deal of patience from his friendship with Lenny. This story ends in trajedy. George is forced to do what he thinks is best for all by killing Lenny after Lenny accidently killed a woman. With Lenny's death, George is given a chance to move on with his life and not have to worry about taking care of his friend. The other movie I'm going to discuss is "The Breakfast Club". This movie would be enjoyed by people ranging in age from junior high to middle aged. It's more of a younger portrayal of how life was and is in high school. It's a story of how five supposedly completely different students end up in detention on a Saturday and how they discover and use their similarities to make the day more enjoyable. As the story progresses, they learn not only about each other but also about themselves. In "The Breakfast Club", Andrew Clark, the jock played by Emilio Estevez , always seems to be pleasing other people: his father, his coach, his friends. Th ey all see him as a person that he doesn't necessarily WANT to be. Rather than disappoint them, he simply becomes who they think he is. This creates a lot of internal anger, which surfaces often throughout the movie. Brian Johnson, Anthony Michael Hall, excels academically but has little self-confidence to show for it. He tends to be hard on himself, and can't handle failure. Straight-laced and timid, he rarely bends the rules. My favorite character in the movie, by far, is John Bender, played by Judd Nelson. He has a lot of issues he doesn't care to talk about, and he deals with them by using dry humor and sarcasm. Allison Reynolds is a basket case. She's screwed up. One thing's for sure, Allison Reynolds, played by Ally Sheedy, LOVES attention. So she's got her quirks. She uses dandruff as "snow" on a picture she's drawn. She eats Cap'n Crunch and sugar from a Pixie Stix on bread as a sandwich. She doesn't speak for the first half of the movie, and when she finally does start talk ing, she doesn't stop. Allison leaves you wondering who she really is, but weird or not, she's certainly likable! Claire Standish, the spoiled brat played by Molly Ringwald, reminds me of the girls that I couldn't stand in high school! She places herself above everyone else in the movie. Sure, she's got her problems, just like all teenagers.

The Three Musketeers Book Report Profile

The Three Musketeers Book Report Profile The first step in writing an excellent book report is reading the book and marking interesting phrases or notable features in the margins. You should use active reading skills to retain the most from the text. Your book report should contain all of the following, in addition to the plot summary. Title and Publication The Three Musketeers was written in 1844. It was published in serial form in the French magazine, Le Siecle over the course of 5 months. The novel’s current publisher is Bantam Books, New York. Author Alexandre Dumas Setting The Three Musketeers is set in 17th century France during the reign of Louis XIII. The story takes place predominantly in Paris, but the protagonist’s adventures take him across the French countryside and as far as England. Though the novel is based on historical information, and many of the events, such as the siege of New Rochelle, really occurred, Dumas has taken artistic liberties with many of the characters. It should not be looked at as a factual account of this period. Instead, the novel should be recognized as a fine example of the genre of Romance. Characters D’Artagnan, the protagonist, a poor but intelligent Gascon who has come to Paris to join The Musketeers and make his fortune. Athos, Porthos, Aramis, the Musketeers for whom the novel is named. These men become D’Artagnan’s closest friend and share in his adventures, his successes, and his failures.Cardinal Richelieu, the second most powerful man in France, the Cardinal is the enemy of D’Artagnan and the Musketeers and the chief antagonist of the novel. He is great statesman and strategist but is driven by a need for control to commit devious acts designed to advance his own cause.Anne de Breuil (Lady de Winter, Milady), an agent of the Cardinal and a woman devoured by greed and bent on vengeance. She becomes a particular enemy of D’Artagnan.Count de Rochefort, the first enemy D’Artagnan makes and an agent of the Cardinal. His destiny is closely tied to that of D’Artagnan. Plot The novel follows D’Artagnan and his friends through several court intrigues and amorous encounters. These accounts are entertaining adventures that not only advance the plot but, perhaps more importantly, describe the fundamentals of court society as well as revealing character. As the story develops, its focus narrows to center on the struggle between Milady and D’Artagnan; the heart of the story is the war waged between good and evil. D’Artagnan and his friends, even considering their immoral actions, are cast as protectors of King and Queen while Milady and the Cardinal represent consummate evil. Questions to Ponder The questions to follow will help you detect important themes and ideas in the novel: Structure of the novel: This book was first published as a serial. How may that have dictated the exposition of the plot?Dumas engages his readers by addressing them directly throughout the novel. What reasons might the author have had for doing this, and how does it affect the overall success of the story? Consider the conflict between individuals: How do D’Artagnan and his friends differ from what we expect of our heroes?Can you find any sympathy for Milady? Why or why not? Examine the traditional roles of this society: What is chivalry?Dumas tells his readers that â€Å"Our modern ideas of pride had not yet come into fashion.† How is the morality of this time different from our own?How does life at court drive the characters toward their destinies? Possible First Sentences Consider these examples as possible first sentences for your book report: â€Å"The genre of Romance always contains the thematic elements of love and chivalry and The Three Musketeers is no exception.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Milady is a woman centuries ahead of her time.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Friendship is the most valuable asset one can possess.†

Greek Sculpture essays

Greek Sculpture essays TASK: A STRAIGHTFORWARD DISCUSSION PAPER EXAMINING THE REQUIREMENTS FOR A SUCCESSFUL RELATIONSHIP, USING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VIC AND INGRID AS A REFERENCE POINT. Love makes the world go round but what must a successful relationship consist of in order for this incredible love to take place and develop between two people? There are several fundamental ingredients to a successful relationship, the three most important ones being communication, commitment and common interest. The following are also important: honesty, trust and respect. Victors and Ingrid's relationship lacked all of these aspects at one time or another and therefor suffered greatly. A relationship will not thrive with out communication; it is the most important factor. Communication usually stops when the couples relationship becomes more physical rather than intimate. This is what happened with Vic and Ingrid at the start they had a strong physical attraction which later proved to be a constraint to their communication. A good example of this is when Ingrid falls down the stairs and isnt even informed by Ingrid or her mother and Vic finds out from a neighbour who just happened to walk into his store. Vic and Ingrid did talk at the beginning when they were getting to know each other, but that is inevitable. After getting to know the person the communication needs to continue with thoughts, concerns, encouragement, discussions etc. When communication exists in a relationship, any troubles and problems which may intervene can be faced, talked through and sorted out promptly. Whereas if the communication is lacking then the problem will not be raised and will drag on and grow causing arguments and misunderstandings. Mr. Rothwell is one who had the right idea about communication. After he is asked to pass on a message from Vic to Ingrid he replies with Im not carrying any messages, Vic. If you want to say any...

Organization Chart and Management Team Gaps Research Paper

Organization Chart and Management Team Gaps - Research Paper Example This research paper follows the improving of the organizational structure of the Capstone Accountants company. From Mintzberg where basic parts of an organization are comprehensively designated, Capstone Accountants can be said to contain the operating core and a small middle line. This simplified structure, that is created in the research paper requires high decentralization which seems not to be the case in Capstone Accountants. The company will have four vice presidents, all the VPs will be taking orders from the CEO and execute it or delegate it to lower-level employees. The firm will also have one administrative assistant who will be directly answerable to the VP Operations. The administrative assistant and the two accountants will be at liberty to delegate some duties to lower-level employees with knowledge and proficiency prerequisite in handling specific tasks The organization structure for Capstone Accountants is diagrammatically represented in this paper. While the construc ted team seems solid and able to cover the main points of the plan, the â€Å"gray haired factor† will affect Capstone Accountants due to scantiness of seasoned proficient management with a vast familiarity with the industry. However, Capstone Accountants will prioritize training and make it an ongoing component to guarantee the growth of the management team. Such partnership will contract qualified trainers who will offer training to the management team as a way of ensuring that the team is updated and well-equipped with the current trends and emerging issues in the highly competitive industry.